Only a few metals have a success story similar to that of copper and its alloys. The two primary copper alloys are brass and bronze. Nickel-chromium alloys, containing 40 to 70 percent nickel, are used in corrosive. 4 Mechanical Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys 671 4. From the early days, copper had a decisive influence on the evolution of mankind and it has been the material of choice promoting the key growth industries of each era. Production and forming methods may affect alloy selection. The copper most commonly used for sheet and strip applications complies with ASTM B370. Industrial Metals. Tin Brass. Beryllium Copper Master Alloy. 2. In many countries, as well as the more obvious copper-colored coins, "silver" coins are also copper alloys - this time with nickel; these are known as cupronickel alloys. The color of copper alloy powders is a soft pink, with finished AM parts displaying that classic, copper-color glow. Available sizes are 1/8" to 12" diameters in both regular and extra strong wall thickness. Form. , strip, rod, wire, bar, tube and plate) as cast billet and as casting ingot. The MRSA "superbug" is a virulent bacterium resistant to broad spectrum antibiotics and, therefore, very difficult to treat. Modulus Of Elasticity. 3. There are times when iron will be added into copper alloys to provide positive. The most common solder paste powder sizes for SMT are type 3 (T3), type 4 (T4), and type 5 (T5). A List of Base Metals. The high percentage of copper in 2024 aluminum greatly reduces its corrosion resistance; it is also responsible. Incipient Melting °F. 5Ag (wt-%) alloy, by adding Zr to a ratio of Cu–3Ag–0. * = alloys registered with U. 95% Cu, 0. There are two principal classifications, namely casting alloys and wrought alloys, both of which are further subdivided into. Alloys can also form if the alloying. Within these two categories, the compositions are grouped into the following families of coppers and copper alloys: Coppers. 8: Copper-Base Alloy - C22000 (Commercial bronze, 90%) 10. S3(d), Appendix A), four classes of copper alloys are discerned in the dataset, i. 5% Mg; and the Hyduminiums, which usually have lower copper contents and in which iron replaces 30me of the nickel. C10300. This high-strength, exceptionally corrosion-resistant. S. 09/20/2018 EN (English US) 2/26 P308+P313 - If exposed or concerned: Get medical advice/attention. In general, copper alloy shows weight loss, whereas copper-alloy graphite composites show weight gain when subjected to 17-day Australian test solution (according to the. 5% zinc, [email protected] nickel alloys, also known as CuNi or cupronickel alloys, are a group of alloys consisting primarily of copper and nickel, with small amounts of other elements added to enhance such properties as: strength, corrosion resistance, hardenability, weldability, and castability. 5. Above 15% Zn, dezincification may occur. The high conductivity of copper beryllium alloys offers considerably better conductivity’s (50-60% IACS and 145 BTU/ft·hr·°F, 250 W/m·K) at a moderate strength level of about 120,000 psi (85 kg/mm 2 ). It offers 100% IACS minimum conductivity, making it popular for electrical applications and those necessitating low resistance levels. Even though many studies have proved that copper and its alloys exhibit antiviral properties, this research arena requires further research attention. Belmont Product Code. Copper Alloys. J. The mentioned alloys show a Cu content of above 96% for wrought alloys and 94% for cast alloys. Low Alloy Steels 1382 - 1529 Stainless Steels 1375 - 1450 Non-ferrous Aluminium Alloys 475 - 677 Copper Alloys 982 - 1082 Lead Alloys 322 - 328 Magnesium Alloys 447 - 649 Nickel Alloys 1435 - 1466 Titanium Alloys 1477 - 1682 Zinc Alloys 375 - 492 Ceramics Glasses Borosilicate Glass (*) 450 - 602Most copper alloys are produced to a series of cold-rolled tempers with a tensile strength range unique to each alloy and temper designation. Gold is used extensively in jewellery (about 75% of all world production), either in its pure form or as an alloy. Copper Alloys. 21. Over half of the copper produced is used in electrical and electronic applications. Brass, like copper, is a poor breeding ground for bacteria. The metal-specific migration rates from polished alloy surfaces are higher in gastric (pH 1. Their uses include marine equipment and inorganic acid and alkali handling equipment. IBC's Copper Alloys Division manufactures and distributes a variety of copper alloys as castings and forgings, including beryllium copper, chrome copper, and aluminum bronze. This chapter provides an overview of copper and copper–nickel alloys. * = alloys registered with U. Copper Alloys. 05 mpy (0. 0 mpy (0. The property of the alloy varies as the zinc percentage changes. F. Both of these are imprecise terms, having both been commonly referred to as lattens in. Main alloying elements in CuCrZr alloy were 0. 5 and 1. Smaller job shops often compete on price and speed, and require suppliers who can deliver the exact copper alloys. Sipi Copper Alloys offers a one-stop-shopping for master alloys and pure metals needed in these applications, including the technical expertise to select the right additives to meet the customer’s precise objectives. With increasing zinc content, the reddish copper color changes to the yellow of brass. Aluminum constituted nearly 40% of industrial metal production in 2022. From: Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001. Brown or black can be used as a base color for copper patina. The alloy is not subject to dezincification and has reasonable. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. The rod ingots were 30 and 40 mm in diameter and approx. Bronze, the first alloy created by people, is a mix of copper that contains as much as 25% tin. In many countries, as well as the more obvious copper-colored coins, "silver" coins are also copper alloys - this time with nickel; these are known as cupronickel alloys. The as-cast structure of the low zinc brasses consists of alpha dendrites. 1 For terminology related to copper and copper alloys, refer to Terminology B 846. Also, please take a look at the list of 19 copper alloy manufacturers and their company rankings. Copper-lead alloys containing about 30% lead are stronger but have less satisfactory surface properties and are usually used with a thin lead-tin overlay. The alloy elements are added to copper with the purpose to improve its resistance, ductility and thermal stability, without causing considerable damages on its form, electric and thermal conductivity and resistance to the corrosion, typical characteristic aspects of pure copper. 20. EPA as antimicrobial. Based on the typical demand for advanced copper alloys by emerging industries and major engineering projects, such as electrical engineering, electronics, 5G communications, new energy vehicles, aerospace, and rail transit, this study systematically summaries the current status of international and domestic copper alloy industries, including high-strength and high-conductivity copper alloy. Shabestari et al [5] Investigate the effect of copper and solidification condition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Al-Si-Mg alloys . While NASA pioneered the usage of copper alloys in the 1970s on the Space Shuttle Main Engine, that use was at first limited to forged components. Copper and Copper Alloys Published: May 2014 Includes standards on copper and copper alloy plate, sheet, strip, rolled bar, rod bar, and shapes. 08-cmCopper/Copper Alloys Safety Data Sheet According To Federal Register / Vol. 5. process; silver plating of beryllium copper alloys can be more expensive than other copper alloys. When there is more silver than copper, 92. Commonly used as downhole tubular components, packers, and other subsurface equipment, it is included in API 5CT as Group 2, Grade L80, Type 13Cr. Copper-nickel alloy C70600, which is an alloy of 90% copper and 10% nickel, is inherently resistant to road salt corrosion, increasing its use as a brake tube: (1) Evolution of life expected from automobiles. This chapter provides an overview of copper and copper–nickel alloys. The most popular form of pure copper is the standard electrical wire grade of copper (C11000) contains 99. 3 –Fe 3. 4 to 2% of beryllium with about 0. ,”. B514-05(2019) Standard Specification for Welded Nickel-Iron-Chromium Alloy Pipe . S. Here are the top-ranked copper alloy companies as of November, 2023: 1. It is found in ore deposits around the world. Figure 3. CEN European Numbering System for copper and copper alloys, showing the preferred number ranges and letters allocated to the different material groups. Malleability and Ductility – copper is easy to work with, mainly when it comes to fabricating and joining. Copper Alloys. 13mm – 70mm A/F. The letter C must always be placed. 4. The solder wires meet J-STD-004B, ASTM B 32, and J-STD-006C. Copper Alloys Search - Basic. As the PCA biplot on the ICP-OES quantitative data shows (Fig. 6% aluminium,. 1 ). Introduction Chemical disinfection is state of the art in preventing spread of infectious agents in the healthcare setting. , Ni–Cr) on steel and zinc-based castings. Tensile Strength. Aesthetics crucial factor in development of earliest copper alloys. Covers production, consolidation, strengthening, copper in iron and steel P/M parts, and non-structural applications. 96 (20°C), with a valence of 1 or 2. Paint or spray objects with a solution of 250 grams of ammonium carbonate / 250 grams of ammonium chloride / 1 litre of water, each layer is dried for 24 hours, after reaching the desired shade wax or lacquer it. The best known traditional types are bronze, where tin is a significant addition, and brass, using zinc instead. Effect of Quenching Temperature on the Electrical Resistance of Mangan-ese-Copper Alloys 30 Fig. For the majority of nonferrous alloys, this is from about 325–650 °F (165–345 °C), although some alloys require higher aging temperatures. copper is that alloys are stronger than pure copper due to their combination of metals, while copper does not contain any other elements blended in. Production of Flake Powders. % Cu) completely annihilated E. Understanding the structure of the copper and copper alloy fabrication sector in North America is particularly relevant at the present time as a consequence of structural changes related to developments in the industrial sectors that use copper products. 9% of the following bacteria within 2 hours of. 4. The high. Of the various brasses, the most important for connectors are those containing 15 and 30% zinc, although a 5% zinc version is occasionally considered. 2,707 products. 1 summarizes schematically the sequence of layers formed on copper alloys after commissioning in seawater (9). Brass is an alloy made primarily of copper and zinc. 5% copper, this process creates sterling silver. This is an alphabetical list of alloys grouped according to base metal. These alloys are created to enhance the properties of pure copper, making it more suitable for specific applications. 3. The term ‘carat’ indicates the amount of gold present in an alloy. 8%). 2 Use—The alphanumeric code is used to. ;. People need copper in their diets. Its formability further makes copper and its alloys easy to rivet, bolt, and crimp. The higher the lead content of the alloy the more lead globules present in the structure. 09. It is nobler than aluminum alloys, carbon and galvanized steel and less noble than stainless steels and titanium alloys. % Cr and 4 at. Malleability Malleability is a measure of a material’s ability to deform below compressive stress. Anchor Bronze & Metals, 3. The first material to. Brass is a copper-zinc alloy. It also has good conductivity and tensile strength as it can be stretched without breaking. e. As a constituent of various metal alloys, such as sterling silver used in. Base metals are more common and more readily extracted than precious metals, which include gold, silver, platinum, and palladium. 8% Be/Cu ) C17200: CB101: This Copper Beryllium grade offers the highest strength of any Copper alloy, with excellent ductility and formability. These metals have high conductivity, exceptionally high ductility, low gas permeability, freedom from hydrogen embrittlement and low outgassing in a vacuum. This metal alloy is typically bright gold in colour, but can be reddish-gold or silvery-white as well. Cast alloys are numbered from C80000 through C99999. Venn diagrams of seven samples in Yap Trench based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing at a distance of 0. B164-03(2019) Standard Specification for Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and Wire . The long-term, steady-state corrosion rate for copper and copper alloys, except for Muntz metal, is on the order of 1 mpy (0. 6 to 2. Spinning. 1. Alloy C18000, another member of the group, contains nickel,. +++ 442 day test at Kure Beach, North Carolina. copper-covered steel wires, investigated in Section 4-1, were compared, additionally, with those of existing copper alloys, as shown in Fig. length and up to 3 in. The single phase alloys have excellent ductility, and are often used in the cold worked condition for better strength. R. Copper zinc alloys are single phase up to about 37% zinc in the wrought condition. copper. It offers high conductivity, good ductivity and strength. Additionally, the antimicrobial properties of solid copper alloy surfaces against. overall width. Oxygen-free copper alloys, are made by melting cathode copper in low hydrogen, reducing conditions, without the addition of a deoxidising agent. Annealing of alpha-bronzes is carried out in the temperature range of 550–870 °C. 7% of other alloying elements such as nickel, cobalt, iron or lead. Other non-ferrous alloys include nickel-copper alloys, typically containing about 65 percent nickel, and copper-nickel alloys, which generally contain about 10 percent nickel. The thermal conductivity of copper is very high falling in between silver and gold. Citation 2014). 9% of the following bacteria within 2 hours of. Brass works as an alloy because copper and zinc are close to one another in the periodic table and have atoms of roughly similar size. If more complicated bends are required or lightly hammering or shaping will be performed, H00-H01 (1/8-1/4 hard) will be the best option. Copper Alloys Australia Pty Ltd. High-tin bronzes are known for their strength and corrosion resistance, while low-tin bronzes are known for their. Copper - From Beginning to End. It is found in ore deposits around the world. Typical uses include bus bars or any electrical conductor, and it may be specified as a special copper magnet wire conductor. Section snippets Alloy design framework. Copper and its alloys are relatively good conductors of electricity and heat. 61 shipping. Arc Welding. 001 mm/y). Sterling silver is commonly used for plating and in the jewelry industries. We adopted the design strategy of “data collection → alloy factor screening → machine learning modeling → alloy design and property optimization” to rationally and efficiently design the composition of precipitation strengthened copper alloys, as shown in Fig. This specification 2 establishes requirements for an alloy having a composition of copper, tin, lead, and zinc, used for component castings of valves, flanges, and fittings. Basic modern brass is 67% copper and 33% zinc. 3. 22mm – 3″ square. 1/8″ – 9″ diameter. Copper-Base Alloy - C18200 (Chromium Cu) 9. 3 Physical Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys 671 4. To view each alloy group, simply click on the links below: Copper & High Copper Alloys. The long-term, steady-state corrosion rate for copper and copper alloys, except for Muntz metal, is on the order of 1 mpy (0. Figure 3. The temper designations are classified by the process or processes used in manufacturing the product involved and its resulting properties. Bronze. coli. drawn ( seamless ) copper tubes for general engineering purposes. 3 DS Copper Alloys 670 4. 93 kg/dm 3 at 20 °C) varies only slightly with increasing nickel content (density of nickel at 20 °C = 8. All copper beryllium alloys are readily machinable using conventional processes and the guidelines provided in this brochure. Types of Copper and Properties. The temper will determine just how malleable the copper sheet will be. 3 Solidification cracking. 5 mm x 20 mm x 20 mm were. It can be coupled to tin and aluminum bronze. 4. 10g – 21g. UNS C18150 chromium copper alloys have high strength and wear resistance at elevated temperatures. 10g – 21g. Copper Titanium. 01 and 0. , GRCop-84, which contains 8 at. These property models are needed to simulate the mechanical behavior of structures with copper components. An aluminium alloy (or aluminum alloy; see spelling differences) is an alloy in which aluminium (Al) is the predominant metal. These alloys are available as ingot, strip, bar, tube and wire in various tempers. 22mm – 3″ square. They also retain excellent impact resistance to 20 K. Kushal Copper Corporation. Brass: 3-45% Zn by weight, it's used in musical instruments, valves, and hardware. Lake Van, in present-day Armenia, was the most likely source of copper ore for Mesopotamian metalsmiths, who used the metal to produce pots, trays, saucers, and drinking vessels. Initially used for gun making, this type of brass is also used for hydraulic and steam castings, gears, and pipes. Get the best deals on Industrial Metal & Alloy Spheres when you shop the largest online selection at eBay. These fabrication methods require specialised, heavy equipment and skilled operators. The other key properties exhibited by copper and its alloys include: Excellent heat conductivity. 1. There are inconsistencies in the Ti rich area of the Cu-Ti binary phase diagram, hence the need to find out if Ti2Cu or Ti3Cu is formed, and to identify the type of. Forms: 2-20 Ingot. As copper has a high solubility for zinc, the alloys are very homogenous. In the wrought structures, the lead is present as discrete particles between the alpha copper grains. Electrolysis. Properties: Copper has a melting point of 1083. Aluminum bronzes are used for their combination of high strength, excellent corrosion and wear resistance. Only a few metals have a success story similar to that of copper and its alloys. S. EPA as antimicrobial. PerforMet alloy is a nickel-silicide-strength - ened bronze that withstands high pressures and temperatures. Copper (Cu) and its alloys are prospective materials in fighting covid-19 virus and several microbial pandemics, due to its excellent antiviral as well as antimicrobial properties. Both make up a considerable amount of the copper alloys used in art and architecture. Serves as a master alloy to add chrome to various copper alloys. The addition of zinc to copper helps to create an incredibly durable. C93200 Bearing Bronze / High Leaded Tin Bronze has excellent machining properties, good hardness, strength and wear resistance with excellent anti-friction qualities. Introduction. Li,1 B. 3%. Copper Fact 5. Each record. The focus of this work was to investigate. Copper can shape alloys with a wider variety of alloying elements than other metals, resulting in the alloys. 12. This is a type of embrittlement caused by absorption of hydrogen. Low-rate. 00. Thermal conductivity and expansion characteristics are of particular interest for heat exchangers and condensers. Copper Tin. What Is Copper Alloy? Copper alloy (copper alloy) is an alloy formed by adding one or more other elements to pure copper as the matrix. Heating elements such as in. Brass is a copper alloy with zinc as the. Copper alloys There is a large number of copper alloys, with zinc (brass) and tin (bronze) being the most common. Automotive, Telecommunications: Automotive Terminals, Spring Contacts ( 1. Fig. Both the high strength and the high conductivity Performance Alloys copper beryllium alloys are available in several wrought forms (e. They are available in the form of bar, rod and plate. There are more than 400 copper alloys, each with a unique combination of properties to suit many applications, manufacturing processes and environments. Columbia Metals stocks copper nickel alloys – generally known as cupronickels – and high copper alloys, which are those that usually contain more than 95% copper with only a small addition of elements such as nickel, silicon. 8) and a brass (HB: Cu–Al 4 –Zn 25 –Fe 3 –Mn 3. 2 μm. Although 70-30 Cu-Ni is essentially non-magnetic, 90-10 Cu-Ni has a. It covers manufacturers and servicenters of products such as rod & bar, strip, sheet & plate, wire, and tube. Tough Copper Alloys INC. Final letter, designating material group. copper-covered steel wires, investigated in Section 4-1, were compared, additionally, with those of existing copper alloys, as shown in Fig. 18- and 9-carat gold alloys are commonly. Differences Between Alloy and Copper. Figure 2. 0. (800) 423-5612; Newsroom;Typical physical properties of copper-nickel alloys are illustrated below. Copper alloys are made by mixing copper with one or more other metals to produce a new material that combines some of their best properties. As oxygen molecules react with the metal, they form oxides that cause pits on the surface of the metal. By William D. 4-m) yacht, Miss Revere, on which sheets 0. certain alloys and tempers, it increase stress corrosion susceptibility[2]. Production of Copper Compounds. 9 kg/dm 3) and is 8. The strongest composite we offer; comparable in strength to 6061 aluminum but lighter in weight. 4989. * = alloys registered with U. The most common types of CuNi alloys are the 90/10 and. The uses of copper alloy with silver added will depend on the amount of each alloy that is added during the melt. Select the alloy (s) and one or more properties you would like to see displayed. The high strength copper alloys used in this work are Cu-Co-Be alloy (C17500), Cu-Ni-Si alloy and Cu-Ni-Sn alloy (C72950) respectively, as listed in Table 1. 4989. 82%), tin (5. If more complicated bends are required or lightly hammering or shaping will be performed, H00-H01 (1/8-1/4 hard) will be the best option. Solid State Reduction. Fig. Two types of copper alloys, namely CuCrZr (produced by Outokumpu Oy) and GlidCop® CuAl25 IG0 produced by OM6 (formerly SCM Metals) were studied. Copper and copper alloys are applied for a variety of purposes: as decorative finishes, to aid in electrical conduction, as a protective layer against fretting corrosion, and as an undercoat for other metal coatings (e. 8: Copper-Base Alloy - C18700 (Leaded Cu) 9. Chiche, “The Standard Thermodynamic Properties of the Oxides of Copper. The temper will determine just how malleable the copper sheet will be. Alloying produces a metal harder than either copper or zinc individually. 5% copper, this process creates sterling silver. Continued on the next page . The proportions of the copper and zinc are varied to yield many different kinds of brass. alloys (2% copper, iron, nickel): used in aircraft pistons; Hydronalium (up to 12% magnesium, 1% manganese): used in shipbuilding, resists seawater corrosion;The long-term, steady-state corrosion rate for copper and copper alloys, except for Muntz metal, is on the order of 1 mpy (0. This zinc copper alloy may also contain minor amounts of other elements such as iron, nickel, silicon, or aluminum. High-strength and high-conductivity copper alloys play essential roles in various industries, including the automotive industry, the railway industry, and the electronics industry [1, 2]. Brass, for example, is a substitution alloy based on copper in which atoms of zinc replace 10–35 percent of the atoms that would normally be in copper. This article presents a collection of data on approximately 150 copper-based alloys. Alloying invariably decreases electrical. Toll Free: 800-57-HEYCO Tel: 610-926-4131. The single phase alloys have excellent ductility, and are often used in the cold worked condition for better strength. 13 Chrome L80, UNS S42000, is a quenched and tempered martensitic stainless steel used for corrosion resistance in sweet (CO 2) and mildly sour (H 2 S) environments up to 300°F. A wide variety of copper alloys are available for use in construction. Additional information is available upon request. The data compilation is based on articles published since 1993 and consists of about 1830 records. The most common base metals are copper, lead, nickel, tin, aluminum, and zinc. 13 wt% Zr. 03. 1) or "native" metals (such as native copper) that are not commonly concentrated in the Earth's crust, or "noble" metals (not. Stubbins3 ABSTRACT This paper reviews expressions to quantify thermal creep and fatigue lifetime for four copper alloys, Cu-Ag-P, Cu-Cr-Zr, Cu-Ni-Be and Cu-Al2O3. , Inc. Updated on August 21, 2020. Table 1 provides data on some of the materials commonly used in seawater systems. The following general categories apply to both wrought and cast compositions. Aluminum Bronzes. impure copper, binary tin-bronze, brass and quaternary alloys. 6% of all metals mined in 2022. Material Groups. C19400), copper-zinc alloy that is commercial bronze (Copper Alloy UNS No. 6 Pipe/Tube 2 REFERENCES A hollow wrought product of uniform cross- The Indian Standards listed in Annex A are section with only one enclosed void along its necessary adjuncts to this standard. Copper and its alloys exhibit exceptional corrosion resistance to moisture, saltwater, and a variety of chemicals. For ETP copper properties, this alloy is extremely versatile and is the most commonly used copper alloy. Those are suitable to serve different purposes in many sectors. Consequently it is very easy to work out how much you will get for either of these units. It is a soft, malleable, and ductile metal with very high thermal and electrical conductivity. Four processes to consider when joining copper and copper alloys are mechanical couplings, welding, soldering, and brazing. The basic properties of copper alloys are largely influenced by the properties of copper itself. OF Copper (C101) OF copper is a 99. Aluminum bronze alloys typically contain 9-12% aluminum and up to 6% iron and nickel. 025 mm/y); for copper-nickel, the most resistant alloys approach 0. low density combined with strength, high melting-point, resistance to oxidation, and a high modulus of elasticity), beryllium. Brass and bronze, two commonly used alloys, are created when copper is combined with other metals. Select the alloy (s) and one or more properties you would like to see displayed. Copper alloys are used for conductive spring clips, terminals and connectors. For example, a specific alloy might assume its maximum strength by aging for 5 h at 325 °F (165 °C. Forms: 2-20 Ingot. Fig. Nickel Silver - Alloyed with Nickel and Zinc. In the designation system, numbers from C10000 through C79999 denote wrought alloys. Copper Alloys Brass is a copper alloy made by adding zinc to copper, whose properties depends on the content of zinc. Copper is a major metal and an essential element used by man. 2023 by Aileen Sammler, Dr. 1. 887 products. Nickel-chromium alloys are prized for their high corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, and high electrical resistance. Copper and copper alloys are applied for a variety of purposes: as decorative finishes, to aid in electrical conduction, as a protective layer against fretting corrosion, and as an undercoat for other metal coatings (e. A series of copper alloys, such as Cu–Ni–Sn, Cu–Cr–Ag, and Cu–Ni–Al alloys [3,4,5], have been developed to meet the growing requirements. 1 M, 0. This section displays photo micrographs of commercially important and/or metallurgically interesting copper and copper alloys and. Distributor of copper alloys in foil, bar, rod, tube, sheet, and wire forms. Platinum and copper along with their alloys have been used in a broad range of applications including jewelry, coinage, electrical and electronic devices, and many others. 40The mechanical properties of copper-nickel alloys show a combination of good tensile strength and excellent ductility when annealed. Bronze is another copper alloy, but with tin. $14. Alloys in these composition limits are hardened. Copper alloys and copper matrix composites have been attracting a lot of attention lately.